Manuel Silva Suárez

 

Manuel Silva

Prof. Manuel Silva Suárez

Sevilla, 1951 – Zaragoza, 2022

University of Zaragoza

 

 

Manuel Silva, Catedrático de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática en la Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura de la Universidad de Zaragoza desde 1981, miembro del Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A) y del Departamento de Informática e Ingeniería de Sistemas (DIIS), nos ha dejado el 28 de noviembre de 2022.

 

Manuel se incorporó a la Universidad de Zaragoza en septiembre de 1978 tras finalizar su doctorado en el Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (Francia). Fue profesor agregado y fundador del Departamento de Control Automático (1978), hoy transformado en el Departamento de Informática e Ingeniería de Sistemas. Sus intereses de investigación están relacionados con los Sistemas de Eventos Discretos siendo bien conocido por sus contribuciones sobre el análisis estructural de las redes de Petri en todo el mundo. Introductor del paradigma formal de las redes de Petri en España es autor del libro pionero “Las Redes de Petri: en la Automática y la Informática” (Editorial AC, 1985). Co-autor del libro Practice of Petri Nets in Manufacturing (Chapman and Hall, 1993)  y coeditor del Control of discrete event systems. Perspectives of automata and Petri nets (Springer, 2012). Pionero en robótica en España, fue impulsor y director técnico de ROBOTICA, la Feria de Robótica (FNOM de Zaragoza, 1984-1989), y coeditor del libro Inteligencia Artificial y Robótica Industrial (Publicaciones de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 1985).

 

• Decano de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial (1987-89), y del Centro Politécnico Superior (1989-93).

• Presidente de la CONAI (Consejo Aragonés de Investigación, 1993-95) y de la Comisión de Investigación e Innovación de la Comisión de Trabajo de los Pirineos (1994-95).

 • Medalla de la ciudad de Lille (1996).

• Miembro de la Real Academia de Ingeniería de España (2000).

Premio del Colegio de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (2001).

• Doctor Honoris Causa por la Universidad de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes (2005).

• Miembro de la Real Academia de Ciencias de Zaragoza (2014).

• Premio Nacional de Control Automático (CEA/IFAC, Comité Español de Control Automático/Federación Internacional de Control Automático, 2018).

• Diploma de Honor del Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Industriales (2020)

• Editor y coautor de la enciclopedia Técnica e Ingeniería en España, coeditada por la Real Academia de Ingeniería, la Institución Fernando el Católico y la Universidad de Zaragoza.

 

 

 

 

 

Mensajes de condolencia para la familia:

 

 

Manuel Silva, Full Professor of Systems Engineering and Automation at the School of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Zaragoza since 1981, member of the Engineering Research Institute of Aragon (I3A) and the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering (DIIS), has left us on November 28, 2022.

 

  Manuel joined University of Zaragoza in September 1978 after finishing his PhD in Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (France). He was aggregated professor and founder of the Department on Automatic Control (1978), today transformed into the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, becoming full professor in January 1983. His research interests are related to the Discrete Event Systems being well known for his contributions on structural analysis of Petri nets in all over the world. Introducer of the formal paradigm of Petri nets in Spain authored the pioneering book Las Redes de Petri: en la Automática y la Informática (Editorial AC, 1985). Co-author of Practice of Petri Nets in Manufacturing. (Chapman and Hall, 1993) and co-editor of Control of discrete event systems. Perspectives of automata and Petri nets (Springer, 2012). Pioneers in robotics in Spain, was promoter and technical responsible of ROBOTICA, the Int.Fair of Robotics (FNOM de Zaragoza, 1984-1989), and co-editor of the book Inteligencia Artificial y Robótica Industrial (Publicaciones de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 1985).

 

Dean of the High Technical School on Industrial Engineering (1987-89), and of the High Polytechnic Center (1989-93).

• President of the CONAI (Aragonese Research Council, 1993-95) and of the Research and Innovation Committee of the Working Commission of the Pyrenees (1994-95).•Medal of the city of Lille (1996).

•  Medal of the city of Lille (1996).

Member of the Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain (2000).

Award from the Association of Telecommunications Engineers (2001).

Doctor Honoris Causa by the Univ. of Reims-Champagne-Ardennes (2005).

Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Zaragoza (2014).

National Automatic Control Award (CEA/IFAC, Spanish Committee of Automatic Control/ International Federation of Automatic Control, 2018).

Diploma of Honor from the Official College of Industrial Engineers (2020)

Editor and co-author of the encyclopedia Técnica e Ingeniería en España, co-published by the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Fernando el Católico Institution, and the University of Zaragoza.

 

Condolence messages for the family:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Comments

Seeking to secure Lasix in Canada? Look no further, as [URL=https://karachigo.com/furosemide/]liquid furosemide for sale[/URL] offers a wide array of selections for managing fluid retention.

When seeking instant relief, explore our options to acquire effective treatments <a href="https://northtacomapediatricdental.com/prednisone-20-mg/">lowest price for prednisone</a> .

Xperience seamless relief from motion sickness with our top-rated solution. Find https://airjamaicacharter.com/pill/ventolin/ and embark on your journeys without worry.

Considering your eye care needs, you can now obtain [URL=https://beingproficient.com/amoxicillin/]amoxicillin 500mg[/URL] conveniently. This advancement allows for streamlined access to vital medication.

This is a topic that's near to my heart... Cheers! Exactly where are your contact details though?

In need of effective antibiotic treatment? [URL=https://tnterra.org/doxycycline/]doxycycline[/URL] to combat bacterial infections. This cost-effective solution is straightforward to acquire and helps in managing a wide range of health issues.

Juggling the options for bacterial infection treatments? Look into <a href="https://ad-visorads.com/product/bactrim/">bactrim 480mg</a> as a proven method.

Victims of menstrual irregularities can now find relief. Visit our website to order https://helpo.org/amoxil-250mg/ , offering a promising solution for discomfort and imbalance.

One can uncover competitive [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/clomid/]clomid from canada[/URL] and various choices on web platforms, ensuring cost-effectiveness and accessibility.

Discover convenient ways to manage your health by opting to [URL=https://chicagosfinestccl.com/drug/vidalista/]vidalista coupons[/URL] . Obtain your prescription easily with just a few clicks.

Zero worries about aging signs with <a href="https://beingproficient.com/walmart-lasix-price/">generic-lasix</a> , as you secure a way to youthful vibrance.

Obtain non-prescription options for managing edema, including https://northtacomapediatricdental.com/prednisone-20-mg/ , through digital platforms. Explore multiple options for effective treatment today.

Just discovered the solution for managing mild Crohn’s Disease symptoms: [URL=https://cubscoutpack152.org/product/propranolol/]pharmacy propranolol 20 mg cheapest[/URL] . Acquire it online for convenience and privacy.

For hottest news you have to pay a visit internet and on internet I found this website as a best website for hottest updates.

<a href=http://forum-nine.mirbb.com/login>Можно ли быстро купить диплом старого образца и в чем подвох?</a>

Yes, achieve optimal hormone levels safely by opting for [URL=https://beauviva.com/item/nizagara/]where can i order nizagara[/URL] , a trusted option for testosterone replacement therapy.

Discover how <a href="https://sjsbrookfield.org/product/nizagara/">nizagara</a> can assist in managing your cholesterol levels. Find options to ensure cardiovascular wellness.

Keep your bones strong without spending a fortune, purchase https://tacticaltrappingservices.com/drugs/ventolin/ right away.

Procure your [URL=https://helpo.org/item/pharmacy-to-buy/]no prescription pharmacy[/URL] effortlessly through our website, ensuring a seamless purchase. This product is perfect for those seeking efficacy without the high cost.

Discover your pathway to enhanced intimacy; explore procuring [URL=https://beingproficient.com/item/lowest-price-finasteride/]www.finasteri... to reignite your passion.

Just unearthed an unbeatable offer for those with asthma, the <a href="https://ucnewark.com/product/asthalin-hfa-inhaler/">asthalin hfa inhaler online canada</a> is now available.

Venture into a world of enhanced cognitive health by exploring options to purchase https://tnterra.org/drugs/retin-a/ , a reliable solution for addressing dementia symptoms.

Prepare for surprising home emergencies by checking out our detailed guide at [URL=https://chicagosfinestccl.com/drug/retin-a/]lowest retin a prices[/URL] .

blackweb <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">dark websites </a> darkweb marketplace [url=https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ]tor market url [/url]

darknet drugs <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">darknet links </a> drug markets onion https://darknetmarketstore.com/ - tor markets

Great blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere? A theme like yours with a few simple adjustements would really make my blog stand out. Please let me know where you got your design. Bless you

Quietly seek affordable healthcare alternatives? Find your solution with [URL=https://chicagosfinestccl.com/item/amoxicillin/]amoxil 650 tablets price[/URL] , and experience substantial savings on medications.

For individuals seeking to buy enhancement medication, discovering <a href="https://cubscoutpack152.org/drug/viagra/">viagra</a> offers a convenient and discreet method to get their needs.

Secure

Quest for effective malaria treatment leads to the discovery of [URL=https://northtacomapediatricdental.com/buy-prednisone/]buy prednisone[/URL] , a innovative option obtainable via the web.

Visit our website to locate the [URL=https://sunlightvillage.org/lady-era/]lady era without dr prescription usa[/URL] . Whether you're looking to acquire this essential medicine, we ensure you receive the most competitive rates.

Secure your health effortlessly by opting to acquire medications from <a href="https://profitplusfinancial.com/levitra/">levitra</a> . Explore a vast selection of pharmaceuticals on the web.

Many individuals search for effective remedies for bacterial infections. Whether you're dealing with skin conditions, respiratory infections, or STIs, https://ad-visorads.com/product/doxycycline/ provide solution.

darknet market links <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">tor markets links </a> black internet https://darknetmarketstore.com/ - the dark internet

deep web drug url <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">dark web links </a> dark web access https://darknetmarketstore.com/ - darknet drugs

Visit our website to find the [URL=https://sunlightvillage.org/lady-era/]lady era online canada[/URL] . Whether you're looking to purchase this essential medication, we ensure you receive the best deal.

Research indicates that achieving thicker, longer eyelashes doesn't always require a doctor's visit. Explore options to enhance your eyelash appearance safely at home with <a href="https://classybodyart.com/item/sildalist/">sildalist 20mg price</a> , a preferred choice for individuals looking to enhance their natural beauty.

Looking for a way to combat your health issue? https://shilpaotc.com/hydroxychloroquine-without-dr-prescription/ might be the answer you're seeking. Find out about how this medication can assist you today.

Appreciate this post. Let me try it out.

Find cost-effective solutions for your hypertension by choosing to purchase [URL=https://ucnewark.com/product/asthalin-hfa-inhaler/]asthalin hfa inhaler online canada[/URL] . Ensure your heart health is maintained efficiently with a simple online purchase.

"Quickly locate savings on your next purchase with <a href="https://shecanmagazine.com/cytotec/">cytotec</a> . Cut costs easily on vital medication."

Quality and affordability converge with our off-brand erythromycin options. Secure your health’s future by buying at the https://ucnewark.com/item/nizagara/ today.

Searching for trusted solutions to alleviate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms? Discover how [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/item/bentyl/]lowest price on generic bentyl[/URL] can help in soothing your discomfort today.

Zeroing in on treatments for COVID-19, [URL=https://transylvaniacare.org/kamagra/]generic kamagra from canada[/URL] offers a promising option. Seekers in the health arena can explore this remedial solution online.

X-plore the endless amusement options available with <a href="https://charlotteelliottinc.com/product/imitrex/">imitrex ordonnance</a> , your gateway to unmatched gaming experiences.

Find affordable solutions for your health supplements; explore the most recent https://maker2u.com/item/imitrex/ .

The quest for cost-effective pain relief stops now. Discover the best deals for [URL=https://karachigo.com/drugs/prednisone/]prednisone 20mg[/URL] , an efficient solution to manage arthritis-related discomfort.

Obtain your [URL=https://bakelikeachamp.com/prednisone/]prednisone with no prescription[/URL] by securing it online, ensuring you tackle your health needs promptly.

Seeking effective malaria treatment can be a challenge. Yet, obtaining <a href="https://center4family.com/prednisone-no-prescription/">60 mg prednisone</a> has never been simpler.

Secure your health by choosing to https://helpo.org/propecia-from-canada/ on this platform, ensuring quick and trustworthy access to your vital medication.

Keeping your heart rhythm in check is crucial, and with [URL=https://transylvaniacare.org/product/ed-sample-pack-2/]ed sample pack 2 no presc[/URL] , managing it becomes easier. Whether you're looking to acquire the essential drug from the comfort of your home, it's vital to consult your healthcare provider to ensure it's the right fit for your health needs.

Offering an affordable solution for those in need, our [URL=https://tacticaltrappingservices.com/nizagara-100mg/]25mgmm nizagara to purchase[/URL] is available to acquire through our web store, ensuring everyone has entry to top-notch medical care.

Just found out that you can now buy <a href="https://jomsabah.com/drugs/cymbalta/">cymbalta 20mg</a> , delivering simplicity and privacy.

Considering your health, acquiring https://thecultivarte.com/levitra/ has never been more straightforward. Now, Buy your necessary cardiovascular medication via the internet effortlessly and securely.

Now, get a fantastic deal on [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/nizagara-canada/]nizagara 100mg[/URL] , accessible for acquisition virtually.

The latest information on [URL=https://lokakshemayagna.org/lasix/]lasix online no script[/URL] indicates a trend of fluctuating prices. Consumers searching for economical anti-inflammatory medication alternatives might find this helpful.

Patients seeking treatment for hepatitis C can now obtain their medication through <a href="https://tacticaltrappingservices.com/where-to-buy-zithromax-online/">zit... italiano</a> , offering a convenient and dependable solution for their needs.

Nabbing your essential medical supplies has never been simpler. Purchase generic https://johncavaletto.org/hydroxychloroquine/ via the internet to ensure your health needs are met with quality and affordability.

Searching for effective solutions to reduce irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms? Discover how [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/item/bentyl/]bentyl overnight[/URL] can assist in easing your discomfort today.

Nice post. I was checking constantly this weblog and I am inspired! Very helpful information particularly the ultimate phase :) I handle such information a lot. I used to be looking for this certain information for a long time. Thanks and good luck.

Unquestionably believe that which you stated. Your favorite reason seemed to be on the net the easiest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I definitely get annoyed while people think about worries that they just do not know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and also defined out the whole thing without having side-effects , people could take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thanks

dark web market list <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">deep web search </a> darkmarket link https://darknetmarketstore.com/ - darknet drugs

Secure the stock of [URL=https://helpo.org/item/nexium/]nexium 40mg[/URL] now! Enhance your performance with a trusted solution.

Zealously in search of an effective method for fertility issues? Discover your answer and <a href="https://beingproficient.com/item/doxycycline/">bulgaria buy doxycycline</a> , offering a superior option for your needs.

Battling sleep disorders? Our online store offers a quick solution. Buy https://beingproficient.com/synthroid/ today for a peaceful night's sleep.

Questioning where to purchase [URL=https://glenwoodwine.com/zoloft/]zoloft prices[/URL] for your dermatological needs? Your search ends here.

When seeking urgent solutions, locate [URL=https://beingproficient.com/walmart-lasix-price/]lasix 40 generique[/URL] for your requirements.

Explore methods to obtain <a href="https://charlotteelliottinc.com/product/verapamil/">cheap verapamil us companies only</a> , a vital treatment for managing Parkinson's disease, directly through our platform.

Now, uncover your route towards lower cholesterol with https://tnterra.org/propecia/ , obtainable for purchase via the internet.

Explore the market for antimalarial drugs and discover the [URL=https://frankfortamerican.com/item/chloroquine/]chloroquine canada ebay[/URL] to ensure your health safety without financial strain.

Just discover how <a href="https://tacticaltrappingservices.com/priligy-without-dr-prescription-usa... without dr prescription usa</a> can boost your well-being, offering an effective solution for improved endurance.

Get your amoxil easily from https://maker2u.com/item/amoxil/ , supplying quick dispensation to meet your healthcare needs.

Know about the transformative benefits of Isotretinoin for skin conditions? Explore your options and learn more at [URL=https://exitfloridakeys.com/product/isotretinoin/]isotretinoin[/URL] .

Understanding the options for controlling IBS can be overwhelming. Discover how [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/pharmacy/]where do i buy pharmacy[/URL] might provide you ease from abdominal discomfort.

Regain dominance over your health at unbeatable rates with <a href="https://profitplusfinancial.com/item/prednisone-price/">prednisone price</a> . Buy now and enjoy fast delivery internationally.

If you're in need of a cost-effective solution for ED, consider https://transylvaniacare.org/eriacta/ , ready for purchase on the web.

Buyers interested in acquiring [URL=https://cubscoutpack152.org/drug/tretinoin/]tretinoin[/URL] could easily Secure their Supply through reliable digital pharmacies, ensuring speedy and secure delivery to their doorstep.

dark web websites <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">deep dark web </a> dark website [url=https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ]dark markets 2024 [/url]

dark market list <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">darknet markets </a> drug markets dark web https://darknetmarketstore.com/ - tor market url

X-plore the benefits of tackling gout with [URL=https://beingproficient.com/item/doxycycline/]doxycycline[/URL] , and find out how you can buy this medication on the internet.

Zealously in search of a reliable method for fertility issues? Explore your answer and <a href="https://beingproficient.com/item/doxycycline/">generic doxycycline online</a> , offering a breakthrough alternative for fertility challenges.

Affordable healthcare is now accessible, buy your medication virtually with https://columbiainnastoria.com/drugs/nizagara/ .

Looking for an effective solution to manage your ED? Explore [URL=https://tacticaltrappingservices.com/drugs/cialis/]purchase cialis online[/URL] - your go-to option for restoring vitality.

Quickly secure your essential wellness aid today; [URL=https://karachigo.com/drugs/nolvadex/]nolvadex 20 milligrams[/URL] offer a wise choice for improving your health.

Seek relief for dry eyes by using <a href="https://chicagosfinestccl.com/drug/prednisone/">prednisone without a prescription</a> , a trusted solution. This product is accessible for purchase online.

Regarding anxiety or OCD treatment, https://rinconprweddingplanner.com/drugs/prednisone-without-dr-prescript... is a viable solution; explore alternatives or obtain it via our website.

Acquiring [URL=https://ad-visorads.com/product/kamagra/]online kamagra 100mg[/URL] has never been easier. Secure your route to wellness with a reliable option.

how to access dark web <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">deep web drug links </a> tor marketplace https://darknetmarketstore.com/ - darknet drug store

школа ремонта <a href=https://mypunto.ru/>https://mypunto.ru</a> квартирный вопрос, ремонт квартир. Оригинальные идеи вашего дома, советы ремонта квартир своими руками

My spouse and I stumbled over here by a different page and thought I might as well check things out. I like what I see so i am just following you. Look forward to going over your web page repeatedly.

Seek unparalleled performance and confidence in intimate moments; discover your pathway to enhanced vigor with [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/pill/zithromax/]generic zithromax sold in united states[/URL] . Secure your remedy today.

Looking for effective solutions for female health issues? Explore <a href="https://profitplusfinancial.com/sildenafil/">kamagra</a> , a cost-effective option for tackling your needs.

You can secure Fildena for your erectile dysfunction needs here: https://americanazachary.com/product/fildena/ .

Онлайн справочник <a href=https://wmbild.ru/>https://wmbild.ru</a> мастера содержит в себе все этапы по ремонту и дизайну дома, дачи или квартиры своими руками.

Inquiring about prednisone-induced dental troubles? Discover how it impacts oral well-being now: [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/item/amoxicillin/]farmacia online amoxil[/URL] .

To acquire your health, think about buying <a href="https://airjamaicacharter.com/buy-kamagra-online-canada/">buy kamagra online canada</a> , a reliable option for your medical requirements.

Discover the most up-to-date https://lokakshemayagna.org/item/hydroxychloroquine/ and explore alternatives for acquiring this drug through online pharmacies.

Zero hesitation is key when considering boosting your lifestyle. Acquire your [URL=https://classybodyart.com/item/cenforce/]cenforce 120mg[/URL] today for a top-tier outcome.

Портал о ремонте и строительстве <a href=https://website-ok.ru/>https://website-ok.ru</a> советы по ремонту и благоустройству квартир и домов, информация о ремонте квартир своими руками, технологиях ремонта и строительных материалах.

Discover how to enhance your performance easily by choosing to [URL=https://a1sewcraft.com/viagra-online/]viagra 100 mg canada pricing[/URL] from the comfort and discretion of your own living space.

Acquiring <a href="https://karachigo.com/drugs/bactrim/">bactrim pharmacy us</a> has never been easier; Order the necessary drug through a web portal with just a single click.

Find budget-friendly solutions for your health supplements; check out the latest https://lokakshemayagna.org/item/stromectol-12mg/ .

When seeking [URL=https://jomsabah.com/propecia/]propecia 5mg[/URL] , consider exploring diverse online pharmacies to obtain affordable treatment solutions.

Discover excellent choices for managing your health issue efficiently with [URL=https://ad-visorads.com/drug/cialis/]walmart cialis price[/URL] . Boost your lifestyle today.

Venturing into the realm of HIV management, consider exploring options like <a href="https://tnterra.org/drugs/lasix/">lasix canada pharmacy</a> , a pivotal medication designed for potent viral suppression.

For individuals seeking a cost-effective solution for their gastrointestinal health, https://rozariatrust.net/buying-prednisone/ offers a viable option. Explore our wide selection of pharmaceuticals that provide relief and support for various conditions without compromising on quality or efficacy.

Obtain [URL=https://driverstestingmi.com/pill/triamterene/]triamterene[/URL] effortlessly from reliable venues today. This drug is now obtainable via digital platforms, offering a straightforward solution for those in need.

black internet <a href="https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ">darknet drug market </a> darknet market [url=https://darknetmarketstore.com/ ]darkmarket 2024 [/url]

Советы по ремонту <a href=https://5-xl.ru/>https://5-xl.ru</a> своими руками предлагаем пошаговые инструкции, полезные советы и идеи для создания уюта в вашем доме. Превратите свои идеи в реальность с нами!

Quickly secure the vital medication with no hassle: [URL=https://shecanmagazine.com/celebrex/]online pharmacy celebrex generic[/URL] .

Optimize your health with <a href="https://primerafootandankle.com/item/vidalista/">lowest vidalista prices</a> , the premier destination for acquiring your prescriptions. Our range offers peerless quality, guaranteeing you receive the best care.

Discover affordable alternatives to the brand-name medication with https://tacticaltrappingservices.com/product/amoxicillin/ , providing wide-ranging solution for bacterial infections.

Hi there! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I could get a captcha plugin for my comment form? I'm using the same blog platform as yours and I'm having trouble finding one? Thanks a lot!

Как выбрать гирлянды для новогоднего оформления фасада дома? Виды подсветки, лучшие материалы, обзор разных моделей гирлянд и советы по монтажу: https://dzen.ru/a/Zy5D8pM8zzfwUtJ0

Как выбрать гирлянды для новогоднего оформления фасада дома? Виды подсветки, лучшие материалы, обзор разных моделей гирлянд и советы по монтажу: https://dzen.ru/a/Zy5D8pM8zzfwUtJ0

Pages

Add new comment

Plain text

  • No HTML tags allowed.
  • Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.
  • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
4 + 13 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.